Atheology, or Theology for Unbelievers

Theology is a strange discipline—that much I’ve learned in the two-ish years that I’ve studied it. One the one hand, I have found that theology can easily become, if you’ll forgive me, philosophically lazy, particularly when dealing in the theologies of revealed religions. I say this not to disparage it, but simply as an observation of the frustration I’ve sometimes felt when dealing in theological ideas. That is, if one accepts, as Anselm says, a definition of theology as “faith seeking understanding”, one is well-set to rationalise one’s beliefs rather than critically examine them. You can box yourselves in, not allowing yourself to go places that your faith would rather not take you. I’m referring, of course, to the doubt that is proper any intelligent person who calls themselves religious. What does it mean to make your faith vulnerable to questioning as, say, Abraham was vulnerable when God commanded him to sacrifice his son? Surely it’s not to adhere dogmatically to the dictates of whatever you were taught in Sunday School: it is far more uncomfortable than that, yet it’s a rare sight for me to encounter someone whose religious beliefs, their spiritual lives, be led by the questions they ask. Sometimes it’s as though their practice and intellect are alien to one another, thus rendering any theology they do spiritually un-gratifying.

But this is not always the case, and so I ponder what theology is for someone whose faith has been crucified—that is, what is theology worth for someone who deconstructs, doesn’t believe, or doubts? What is theology for someone who won’t box themselves in to their traditions? This I call a-theology: the anti-theological understanding of the study of theology. It is, in effect, meta-theological, viewing the discipline of theology from outside itself, not faith seeking understanding but seeking to understand faith and what it means. In essence, it is a study of the religious constructions of meaning.

The fact is that, while our society in the Western world has undoubtedly become far more secular, it is not, as it is sometimes called, post-Christian. Ours is a deeply Christian society, at least insofar as it is European. The values and assumptions that underly the philosophical outlook of the Western was shaped by Christianity, only now those values can be wielded against Christianity itself. For example, while science was inspired in those natural philosophers who sought to understand God’s creation, it has developed into an understanding of creation cut-off from God. There is, too, a tinge of Protestant Christianity in our economic life, as we implicitly seem to believe that work in itself—no matter how alienating, debasing, or even necessary—is dignified and praiseworthy, as anthropologist David Graeber points out in Bullshit Jobs. Even here, in Canada, where Christianity seems more dead than alive to the public, our national motto is drawn from Psalm 72, which undoubtedly echoes the concern for welfare that would echo the, at times, cooperative nature of relations between the English majority and French minority. (The indigenous peoples, of course, were screwed over, but now we are starting to see greater concern and awareness of their role in Canadian society, as well. For further reading, I’d recommend John Ralston Saul’s A Fair Country.)

Theology underpins all of these societal developments just as many societal developments have underpinned theology. It is no coincidence, after all, that the figure of the Messiah would become so prominent in a culture that was oppressed throughout its history, by the Babylonians, Romans, later-Europeans, and so on. Is this theology at its best, its most interesting, its most relevant—a philosophical anthropology with hardly anything to do with God at all? I’ll leave that for you to decide, though I have my own opinion. What seems undeniable, however, is that theology’s only place is in the long-abandoned medieval abbeys, studied by men in flowing robes with questionable tonsures. Quite the contrary: for so long as man is a murderer—as Nieztsche said, “God is dead and we have killed him—theology will have its place, if only as a grieving act of remembrance.

Does this, then, offer us a place when we can begin to reconstruct? Partly. I am cautious about this, as reconstruction can, again, veer into rationalisation of the old orthodoxy, the consequence of a feigned deconstruction yet again seeking to apologise for one’s beliefs. That being said, mourning is a place where we begin to live anew, however shaped by what we’ve lost. In yet another idea derivative of our cultural theology, with death and loss, it is still possible for us to find life and gain. Will this look like what we had before, or ought it to? Certainly not! It will never be the same again. Pandora’s box, you may recall, could not be closed after it had been opened. Could Adam and Even un-eat the fruit of the tree? No! We cannot resurrect a god we’ve killed. Nevertheless, we can be all the better for the moral and spiritual journey we’ve experienced, or else what would life be for?

3 Responses to “Atheology, or Theology for Unbelievers”

  1. finbarsaunders Avatar
    finbarsaunders

    Dear Paul,

    Thank you for this piece; I’ve been a long-time reader of your column. In the interest of seeking the truth, I welcome your critiques in this piece, and I appreciate the commitment you have to the truth by sharing a piece like this. Precisely because this piece so stimulated my mind, that I want to humbly share some of my ideas it prompted with you.

    In your analysis, you imply that one is either bound to rigidly adhere to dogma, or to repudiate it to mature spiritually and intellectually. However, without good reason, you exclude the possibility that a sincere and disciplined search for the truth may lead one to a deeper commitment to the dicta of revealed religion. You are right, that questioning one’s own beliefs is an essential part of the spiritual life, but it is useful to distinguish between two types of questioning: the first one, wherein one questions like an attorney cross-examines the opposing party to expose flaws in their argument, and a second one wherein one questions like a student, who gives his teachers the judgement of charity by presuming that they are (generally) right. This second mode, essential to all university students, should be familiar to you, who had no option but to trust the testimony of your professors in the early stages of your studies.

    The first mode of questioning can only poke holes in others’ arguments without ever being called to defend any conviction of its own. While this first mode has its uses, it alone can never prove anything true, so the student of truth will do well to outgrow the temptation to equivocate the cross-examiner’s findings with the truth. So that questioning can be fruitful, one must be willing to allow previous convictions to give new life to questioning. Here I am reminded of Karl Jaspers, who wrote that “religion must always interest philosophy because philosophy is constantly stirred up, prodded, and addressed by it.” This is exactly what all with “faith seeking understanding” seek to do, and something that you yourself are at pains to do in your column every Sunday. Yet you do not count someone who is confident in the body of revealed truths to which he assents as a serious disciple of the truth. May I suggest to you that you have rarely met someone “whose religious beliefs are led by the questions they ask” because you conflate sincere “faith seeking understanding” with “feigned deconstruction yet again seeking to apologise for one’s beliefs”?

    Lastly, it is unfortunate that such an enthusiast of all things spiritual would take St. Anselm’s dictum as rationalization of one’s beliefs rather than critical examination. The purpose of such exercise, as with any intellectual exercise, is not so much deconstruction as it is to seek the unity of truth and “iron out” any inconsistencies in one’s own thought; if it were mere rationalization, we would not find any sincere conversions anywhere – we would find no one, to borrow your language, whose faith has “taken them places that your faith would rather not take them,” as was the case for Sts. Athanasius (whom you’ve mentioned in previous columns), et al., who endured persecution for daring to adhere to dogma, not because it was comfortable to do so but because their diligent study genuinely convinced them of its truth.

    I hope that you receive my reply well; it is only my desire to share with others what will be edifying for them, as I am sure that you will sympathize. Peace and all good.

    1. El Philósopho Avatar

      Hello! It’s such a pleasure to receive such a thoughtful comment from a long-time reader. Truly, it means a lot 🙂

      Something you wrote really resonated with me: May I suggest to you that you have rarely met someone “whose religious beliefs are led by the questions they ask” because you conflate sincere “faith seeking understanding” with “feigned deconstruction yet again seeking to apologise for one’s beliefs”?

      I feel very seen, in a good way. I would emphasise that my comments shouldn’t be taken as absolute: I have absolutely met some people who wrestle with those questions of their faith. However, one of the great disappointments I’ve found in studying theology is that very few people seem to do so. I’ve had this conversation with several people who seemed to break that mould, and they’ve generally agreed. Central to the criticism we’ve levied and what you’ve said is the presence of philosophy: So that is in part what has inspired this column from me. As I said some time ago in another piece, my writing here is rarely without a personal weight to it. While I would say that some pieces are more complete than others, I’m hesitate to label anything I post here as absolutely finished. More often than not, I’m processing my own thoughts as I write.

      To your point about the presumption of charity, allow me to make a distinction of my own. What you say sounds eerily similar to something I wrote in an article called The Zen Dialectic (not sure if that one’s posted yet—if not, stay tuned). TL;DR: We engage with these propositions of a faith/philosophy/what have you as a kind of dialogue (i.e., dialectic), and just sort of take it from there, come what may. So, there is a sort of presumption of charity, a willingness to investigate and to iron-out the inconsistencies/problems in one’s own thought. However, in this case, the difference, I think, lies in the nature of the deference given by the student. That is, I’m suggesting that one should eventually allow these questions to lead them anywhere, even if that repudiates dogma. In this article, however, what I’m thinking of is ultimately my own experience with Catholicism, in which dogma was not only approached charitably but presumed to be true. Thus, at least in my experience, there was an idea of some set destination that you should reach. I guess the crux of my point is this question that I found within myself during my own deconstructive period: Can one be faithful to the truth without the willingness to sacrifice their own beliefs on the proverbial altar? To speak to the distinction between two types of questioning that you raised, I supposed what I’m saying is that one should outgrow both eventually.

      Haha, yeah, perhaps it is a bit unfortunate and I could have approach that dictum more charitably. But again, I’m thinking about how I’ve seen it used and how I’ve seen it lived. Interestingly, I still find myself moved by the questions and tensions that you’re referring to, even as I have obviously morphed into something of a spiritual mutt. To that point, let me just thank you for bringing up the example of Athanasius: this is another important point, I feel. Whereas my criticism primarily emerged as a response to people who I’ve found rigidly adhering to dogma for comfort, this is not always so; and Christian history, for one, is home to many people who suffered for these beliefs, even while they may not have “understood” them completely. So, what do I make of these people who are genuinely convinced of their truth? Well, I cannot levy any criticism against them for their sincerity or fidelity to their beliefs, even if I feel that the extent of their diligence in submitting those beliefs to scrutiny is what gives their fidelity any intellectual weight. But then, faith is not simply about intellect, is it? We both have reasons for what we think, largely stemming from our experiences of life itself.

      Thanks again for your thoughtful comment. I was going to meditate before my placement but I had to respond to this. This made my morning, and I’m really grateful to receive such thoughtful engagement from a long-time reader. Pax et bonum!

      1. finbarsaunders Avatar
        finbarsaunders

        Dear Paul, I am delighted to hear that my comment so resonated with you. One of the greatest joys of the intellectual life comes from the positive effects our insights have on those who hear them, however trivial they may be. I enjoyed reading your reply when I first read it, and would have wanted to reply but could not reply find time as I have been very busy. In the meantime, I have enjoyed reading your newer columns.

        Based on all that you’ve said, theology is credible insofar as it is philosophically inquisitive. That is, insofar as it engages with its postulates in a Socratic dialogue wherein it could end up turning away from its own convictions. If I understood your column “The Zen Dialectic”, we are locked in an ever-evolving conversation wherein, to quote the Buddha, “all component things are changeable and” and nothing is enduring.

        In contrast, you lament that Catholic theology does not just entertain dogma as an object about which to dialogue but presumes it to be true. You are correct. This is nothing to lament and I hope you see why: Catholicism is not limited only to a horizontal dialectic between men but is the result of a vertical dialectic between man and God that God Himself initiated. Catholic theology is by design not in the business of questioning doctrine because Catholic theology is the human mind’s reaction to an initial movement from God. Hence it stands to reason that only a Catholic can do Catholic theology, because only a Catholic meets the “pre-theological” conditions for doing it, namely 1) God has encountered him face to face, 2) he accepts what God reveals in that encounter, and 3) by Baptism he has been commissioned to “preach the Gospel to all nations”. In summary, dogma provides the first principles that enable philosophical reflection from a distinctively Catholic perspective in response to all of humanity’s deepest questions.

        The question still remains: Can one be faithful to the truth without the willingness to sacrifice one’s own beliefs on the proverbial altar? In religious matters, dogma is precisely the challenge to one’s own beliefs that makes such sacrifice possible, since dogma demands that we test our dormant consciences and uninformed intuitions against a higher truth. On the other hand, the rejection of dogma so often celebrated by our contemporaries is more often a product of material convenience, intellectual laziness or pride than they are willing to admit. Consider the cases of the Marcionites, the many medieval princes up to and including Henry VIII, the Gallican Church, the Nazi “German Christians” and the Soviet state churches as examples.

        Philosophical reflection is paramount to Catholic theology, but Catholicism is not the religion of easy answers. It is not the religion of easy answers precisely because its dogma precludes its students from cutting corners or from presenting their personal intuitions as God’s truth. This is illustrated well in an example you cited, wherein Abraham’s faith is made vulnerable before God when asked to sacrifice Isaac, yet he does not suddenly deconstruct his faith in the face of such demand. Rather, he obeys despite his personal feelings about the matter.

        I hope that this reply shows dogma not as the enemy but the guardian of honest religious inquiry. It should be clear that all of this deals with only one aspect of theology, which is that of obedience. However, obedience to dogma alone is not a sufficient spiritual act and it needs to be coupled with sincere love of the truth, which is elusive not because it is an ever-evolving phenomenon resulting from a timeless dialogue between humans, but because the truth is a person, with a face and a personality. If in Abraham we find an example of the “obedience of faith”, the theologian finds a model to imitate in the person of St. John the Apostle, who during the Last Supper rested his head on the breast of Christ.

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